Background：ICAM-1 (CD54) is a 90-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is critical for the firm attachment and transmigration of leukocytes out of blood vessels and into tissues (PMID: 19307690). ICAM-1 is expressed by several cell types, typically on endothelial cells and cells of the immune system, and its expression can be up-regulated by various stimuli, including TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1 and thrombin (PMID: 3086451; 9694714; 15979056). It is a ligand for LFA-1 and Mac-1, serves as a receptor for rhinovirus, and is one of several receptors used by Plasmodium falciparum (PMID: 2566624; 2538244; 2475784).
