Background：Metabolic-stress sensing protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2(eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1) on 'Ser-52' during the unfolded protein response(UPR) and in response to low amino acid availability. Converts phosphorylated eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1 either in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, leading to a reduced overall utilization of amino acids, or to a translation initiation activator of specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activator ATF4, and hence allowing ATF4-mediated reprogramming of amino acid biosynthetic gene expression to alleviate nutrient depletion. Serves as a critical effector of unfolded protein response(UPR)-induced G1 growth arrest due to the loss of cyclin-D1(CCND1). Involved in control of mitochondrial morphology and function.
