The SBE Reporter ＆amp;ndash; HEK293 Cell Line is designed for monitoring the activity of the TGF /SMAD signaling pathway. The transforming growth factor beta （TGF） signaling pathway is involved in a diverse range of cell processes such as differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and immune regulation. TGF signaling has been linked to cardiac disease, cancer, Alzheimer＆amp;rsquo;s and other human diseases. TGF proteins bind to receptors on the cell surface, initiating a signaling cascade that leads to phosphorylation and activation of SMAD2 and SMAD3, which then form a complex with SMAD4. The SMAD complex then translocates to the nucleus and binds to the SMAD binding element （SBE） in the nucleus, leading to transcription and expression of TGF / SMAD responsive genes.
