Formation of interchain carboxylic anhydrides on self-assembled monolayers with Fluoro N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylforamidinium hexafluorophosphate.[2] This compound is used in self-assembly to produce hydrophilic SAMs. The resulting monolayers which are terminated with carboxylic acids can be further functionalized[3] with various amines and alcohols to introduce more complex end groups or multiple layers.[1]