The Drosophila receptor, Toll, was initially found to be essential for protective immunity to fungal infections in flies.
Toll-like homologs have been identified in organisms as disparate as plants, insects and mammals.
Of the ten known members of the mammalian TLR family, four have been shown to initiate inflammatory responses upon recognition of pathogen derived substances.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are family of signaling molecules that are required for innate responses to pathogen-derived substances such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteoglycans and bacterial DNA.
Innate immunity plays an essential role in the host defense and is crucial for the generation of primary adaptive responses.
TLR expression is highly regulated in monocytes and dendritic cells during differentiation and maturation.
Mammalian cells respond to LPS by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
TLR4 was first described as a member of a family of type I integral membrane proteins that contain numerous leucine-rich motifs on their extracellular portions and an intracellular signaling domain homologous to that of the IL-1 receptor.
TLR4 initiates a cascade of serine/threonine kinases such as IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) in response to LPS, resulting in downstream activation of NF-kB and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase which eventually leads to the transcription of genes involved in inflammation.
TLR4 requires an accessory protein, MD-2 to respond efficiently to LPS.
MD-2 binds to the extracellular domains of both TLR2 and TLR4, causing their surface expression levels to increase.
Secreted MD-2 is a large polymeric protein that confers LPS sensitivity to TLR4.
LPS binds directly to the TLR4/MD-2 complex and both molecules are in close proximity to the bound LPS.
TLR4 is expressed by peripheral blood monocytes and a small population of B-cells and is also expressed in human placenta.
Applications:Suitable for use in ELISA and Western Blot.
Other applications have not been tested.
Recommended Dilution:ELISA: 0.1-1ug/mlWestern Blot: 1-3ug/mlOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.
Storage and Stability:May be stored at 4°C for short-term only.
For long-term storage and to avoid repeated freezing and thawing, aliquot and add glycerol (40-50%).
Freeze at -20°C.
Aliquots are stable for at least 12 months at -20°C.
For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.
Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.
仕様
Size：100ug
Host：rabbit
Source Antibody：human
Grade：Purified
Purity：Purified by epitope affinity chromatography
Form：Supplied as a liquid in PBS, pH 7.4, 0.09% sodium azide.
Specificity：This antibody, specific for human TLR4, shows a positive result for ELISA and detects 2-3 protein species of ~70 to ~100kD on Western blot analysis using human placenta tissue homogenate, JEG-3 placenta choriocarcinoma, U-937 histocytic lymphoma, BC-1 human B-lymphocyte lymphoma, Nalm-6-pre-B lymphocyte and REH pre-B lymphocyte cell lysates. Reactivity has been confirmed with human placenta tissue homogenate, JEG-3 placenta choriocarcinoma, U-937 histocytic lymphoma, BC-1 human B-lymphocyte lymphoma, Nalm-6-pre-B lymphocyte and REH pre-B lymphocyte cell lysates. This antibody should be theoretically reactive to gorilla, orangutan and chimpanzee TRL4 due to amino acid homology.
Isotype：IgG
Calc Applications Abbrev：E WB
Calc Crossreactivity：Hu
Immunogen：Synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl termini of various human TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) isoforms A-D.
